A 250 k.y. record of Cascade arc pyroclastic volcanism from late Pleistocene lacustrine sediments near Summer Lake, Oregon, USA
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Distal tephra beds provide important records of pyroclastic volcanism that enhance our overall understanding of eruptive frequencies, magnitudes, compositions, and hazards. Some beds also serve as widespread chronostratigraphic markers. Lacustrine sediments near Summer Lake, Oregon (United States), record numerous eruptions of Cascade arc sources over a period exceeding 2.5 m.y. Late Pleistocene sediments exposed in outcrop have yielded 88 visible tephra beds, including many beds not previously documented. Of these beds, 44 are characterized by rhyolitic glass, 40 contain predominantly basaltic or intermediate glass, and 4 are strongly heterogeneous in composition. Only 23 have been correlated to deposits outside of the Summer Lake basin. The remaining 65 beds provide a record of Cascade arc volcanism that is as yet unique to Summer Lake. Age-depth relations are well constrained for the upper 6 m of section, but are less certain in the lower 12.4 m. Tephra correlations and an overall age model suggest the following: bed B1 originates from an eruption of Mount Mazama (Crater Lake) ca. 20 ka. Beds I and W likely originate from eruptions of Mount St. Helens ca. 80 and 190 ka. A 7-cm-thick tephra bed correlated to Shevlin Park Tuff probably dates to ca. 198 ka. Tephra correlated to the Antelope Well tuff from Medicine Lake volcano dates to ca. 215 ka. Bed NN, at the base of the section, has an estimated age of at least 240–250 ka and probably originated from Newberry Volcano. Overall, this record significantly refines the Pleistocene tephrostratigraphic framework for western North America.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".