Carbene-anchored/pendent-imidazolium species as precursors to di-N-heterocyclic carbene-bridged mixed-metal complexes
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Reaction of a series of linked diimidazolium dibromide salts with one-half equivalent of [Rh(mu-OAc)(COD)](2) under reflux conditions generates a series of carbene-anchored/pendent-imidazolium complexes, [RhBr(COD)((R)C(H)-eta(1)-C(eth))][Br] ((Me)C(H)-eta(1)-C(eth) = ethylene[(N-methyl)imidazolium][(N-methyl)imidazole-2-ylidene] and (tBu)C(H)-eta(1)-C(eth) = ethylene[(N-tert-butyl)imidazolium][(N-tert-butyl)imidazole-2-ylidene]) via deprotonation of one end of the diimidazolium salt and coordination of the resulting carbene to Rh. Reaction of these complexes with carbon monoxide or the appropriate diphosphine yields either [RhBr(CO)(2)((R)C(H)-eta(1)-C(eth))][Br] (R = Me, (t)Bu) or [RhBr(P( intersection)P)((Me)C(H)-eta(1)-C(eth))][Br] (P( intersection)P = Ph(2)PCH(2)PPh(2), Ph(2)PCH(2)CH(2)PPh(2), Et(2)PCH(2)PEt(2)), respectively. The resulting diphosphine complexes readily decompose in solution. A series of palladium complexes [PdI(3-n)(PR(3))(n)(L)][I](n) (n = 1,2) and [PdI(P( intersection)P)(L)][I](2) (L = (tBu)C(H)-eta(1)-C(meth), (tBu)C(H)-eta(1)-C(eth); (tBu)C(H)-eta(1)-C(meth) = methylene[(N-tert-butyl)imidazolium][(N-tert-butyl)imidazole-2-ylidene]), containing the linked NHC-imidazolium moiety, have also been prepared by reacting the triiodo complexes, [PdI(3)((tBu)C(H)-eta(1)-C(meth))] and [PdI(3)((tBu)C(H)-eta(1)-C(eth))] with several mono- and diphosphines. Attempts to generate mixed Rh/Pd complexes using Pd(OAc)(2) to deprotonate the pendent arm of several of the above carbene-anchored/pendent-imidazolium complexes of Rh have proven unsuccessful. However, a targeted di-NHC-bridged heterobimetallic complex [PdI(2)(PEt(3))(mu-(tBu)CC(meth))RhI(COD)] ((tBu) CC(meth) = 1,1'-methylene-3,3'-di-tert-butyldiimidazol-2,2'-diylidene) can be generated by deprotonation of the imidazolium group in [PdI(2)(PEt(3))((tBu)C(H)-eta(1)-C(meth))][I] using half an equivalent of [Rh(mu-OAc)(COD)](2). The X-ray structure determination of this Pd/Rh complex confirms the dicarbene-bridged formulation and shows a metal-metal separation of approximately 6.2 A. Reaction of this Rh/Pd complex with CO yields the corresponding dicarbonyl product [PdI(2)(PEt(3))(mu-(tBu)CC(meth))RhI(CO)(2)] via replacement of the COD ligand. The related dicarbene-bridged Ir/Rh complex [IrBr(COD)(mu-(tBu)CC(meth))RhBr(COD)] can be generated by reaction of [IrBr(COD)((tBu)C(H)-eta(1)-C(meth) )][Br] with [Rh(mu-OAc)(COD)](2), while the Pd/Ir complexes [PdI(2)(PR(3))(mu-(tBu)CC(meth))IrI(COD)] (PR(3) = PPh(3), PMe(2)Ph) can be generated by reaction of the monometallic [PdI(2)(PR(3))((tBu)C(H)-eta(1)-C(meth))][I] species with K[N(SiMe(3))(2)] in the presence of [Ir(mu-Cl)(COD)](2). The carbonyl analogues, [PdI(2)(PR(3))(mu-(tBu)CC(meth))IrI(CO)(2)], can be generated via a gentle purge of CO gas. These di-NHC-bridged heterobimetallic species represent some of the first examples of this class and are the first involving palladium.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.010 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".