A reassessment of the horned dinosaur <i>Judiceratops tigris</i> (Ornithischia: Ceratopsidae) from the Upper Cretaceous (Campanian) of Montana, USA
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Judiceratops tigris is a recently described ceratopsid, collected from sediments of the Upper Cretaceous (middle Campanian) Judith River Formation (JRF) of northern Montana, USA. The current diagnosis for this taxon is tentative, as it is based on four fragmentary cranial specimens that have limited anatomical overlap. Although these four specimens were not found associated, they were all collected from the same localized area (Kennedy Coulee). New observations, interpretations, and reconstructions of J. tigris are presented in this study, based on the original assumption that these specimens represent the same taxon. Based on these findings, J. tigris had elongate postorbital horncores with an autapomorphic ovate (egg-shaped) cross section; squamosals with non-imbricated episquamosals, and an anterolaterally oriented anteriormost episquamosal; a wide medial parietal bar with an autapomorphic meniscus-shaped cross section; an anteroposteriorly wide posterior parietal bar, and, consequently, reduced parietal fenestrae; and at least four small, low-lying epiparietals on each side of the frill. A phylogenetic analysis incorporating the revised diagnosis of J. tigris supports the previous referral of this taxon to Chasmosaurinae, but missing anatomy prevents an understanding of how J. tigris is related to other chasmosaurines. Judiceratops tigris is retained here as a distinct taxon, and, hence, the oldest known chasmosaurine, but it has more in common with other chasmosaurines than was previously thought. Further fossil collecting in the JRF of Montana may produce more complete specimens of J. tigris and provide a means of testing the new reconstructions presented here.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".