Physical conditions of the gas in an ALMA [C <scp>ii</scp>]-identified submillimetre galaxy at <i>z</i> = 4.44
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract We present 12CO(2–1) observations of the submillimetre galaxy ALESS65.1 performed with the Australia Telescope Compact Array (ATCA) at 42.3 GHz. A previous Atacama Large Millimeter Array study of submillimetre galaxies (SMGs) in the Extended Chandra Deep Field South detected [C ii] 157.74 μm emission from this galaxy at a redshift of z = 4.44. No 12CO(2–1) emission was detected but we derive a firm upper limit to the cold gas mass in ALESS65.1 of $M_{\rm gas} < 1.7 \times 10^{10} {\rm M}_{{\odot }}$. The estimated gas depletion time-scale is <50 Myr, which is similar to other high-redshift SMGs, and consistent with z > 4 SMGs being the likely progenitors of massive red-and-dead galaxies at z > 2. The ratio of the [C ii], 12CO and far-infrared luminosities implies a strong far-ultraviolet field of G0 ≳ 103, as seen in Galactic star-forming regions or local ultraluminous infrared galaxies (ULIRGs). The observed $L_{\rm [C {\small {II}}]}/L_{\rm FIR} = 2.3 \times 10^{-3}$ is high compared to local ULIRGs and, combined with $L_{\rm [C {\small {II}}]}/L_{\rm CO} \gtrsim 2700$, it is consistent with ALESS65.1 either having an extended (several kpc) [C ii] emitting region or lower than solar metallicity.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".