Palmitic acid acutely stimulates glucose uptake via activation of Akt and ERK1/2 in skeletal muscle cells
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Chronic exposure to saturated fatty acids can cause insulin resistance. However, the acute effects of fatty acids are not clear and need to be elucidated because plasma fatty acid concentrations fluctuate postprandially. Here, we present the acute effects of palmitate (PA) on skeletal muscle cells and their underlying molecular mechanisms. Immuno-fluorescence results showed that PA rapidly induced GLUT4 translocation and stimulated glucose uptake in rat skeletal muscle cell line L6. Phosphorylation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), Akt, and extracellular signal-related kinase1/2 (ERK1/2) was enhanced by PA in a time-dependent manner. Cell surface-bound PA was sufficient to stimulate Akt phosphorylation. The inhibitors of PI3 kinase (PI3K), AMPK, Akt, and ERK1/2 could decrease PA-induced glucose uptake, and PI3K inhibitor decreased AMPK, Akt, and ERK1/2 phosphorylation. Weakening AMPK activity reduced phosphorylation of Akt but not ERK1/2, and Akt inhibitor could not affect ERK1/2 activation either. Meanwhile, ERK1/2 inhibitors had no effect on Akt phosphorylation. Taken together, our data suggest that PA-mediated glucose uptake in skeletal muscle cells may be stimulated by the binding of PA to cell surface and followed by PI3K/AMPK/Akt and PI3K/ERK1/2 pathways independently.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".