CTREC: C-arm tracking and reconstruction using elliptic curves
Bibliographic record
Abstract
C-arm fluoroscopy is ubiquitous in contemporary surgery, but it lacks the ability to accurately reconstruct three-dimensional information, attributable to the difficulty in obtaining the pose of X-ray images in 3D space. We propose a unified mathematical framework to address the issues of intra-operative pose estimation, correspondence and reconstruction, using simple elliptic curves. In contrast to other fiducial-based tracking methods, our method uses a single ellipse to constrain 5 out of 6 degrees of freedom of C-arm pose, along with randomly distributed unknown points in the imaging volume (either naturally present or induced by randomly placed beads or other markers in the image space) from two images/views to completely recover the C-arm pose. Preliminary phantom experiments indicate an average C-arm tracking accuracy of 0.51° and 0.12° STD. The method appears to be sufficiently accurate and appealing for many clinical applications, since it uses a simple elliptic fiducial coupled with patient information and has very minimal interference with the workspace.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.005 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".