Effect of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection on Disease Activity in Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Retrospective Study in South Africans
Bibliographic record
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To determine the effect of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection on disease activity in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). METHODS: A retrospective records review of patients who contracted HIV infection subsequent to RA diagnosis (HIV group), compared to an HIV-negative group of patients with RA (control group), for 28-joint Disease Activity Score (DAS28) scores at initial presentation (T0) and last clinic visit (TL), and at diagnosis of HIV infection (TH) in the HIV group. RESULTS: Of 1712 patients with RA, 85 were HIV-positive (4.9%), 43 of them contracting HIV subsequent to RA diagnosis. The mean (SD) age, RA disease duration, and duration following diagnosis of HIV were 47.1 (10.1), 10.5 (8.4), and 2.9 (2.0) years, respectively, for the HIV group. Both the HIV and control groups showed similar improvement in joint counts and C-reactive protein (CRP) at visit TL, in spite of methotrexate (MTX) being withdrawn in most patients in the HIV group by visit TL (11.6% in the HIV group were still taking MTX vs 83.7% in the control group, p = 0.0002), but a minority (13.9%) had ongoing moderate to high disease activity at visit TL. In the HIV group, the mean DAS28-erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and DAS28-CRP scores were similar at baseline, but at visits TH and TL the mean DAS28-ESR scores were significantly higher than the mean DAS28-CRP scores (31% and 31.8%, p < 0.0005 and p < 0.004, respectively), mainly resulting from ESR increase following HIV seroconversion. CONCLUSION: Disease activity improved in most patients in the HIV group in spite of stopping the MTX as the "anchor drug." The DAS28-ESR overestimates disease activity compared to the DAS28-CRP in the setting of HIV infection.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".