Design of a sensorized instrument for skills assessment and training in minimally invasive surgery
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The restricted access conditions during minimally invasive surgery (MIS) result in perceptual-motor relationships that are unfamiliar to the novice surgeon and require training to overcome. To aid in MIS skills assessment and training, a novel sensorized instrument has been designed. Strain gauges attached to the instrument measure forces and torques acting at its tip, corresponding to all 5 degrees of freedom (DOFs) available during MIS. A position tracker provides tip motion feedback in 6 DOFs. The instrument is similar in shape, size and weight to traditional laparoscopic instruments, allowing it to be used in any MIS training environment. Furthermore, replaceable tips and handles make the instruments highly versatile. The results of the experimental evaluation show that there are clear differences in both the force and position profiles of trainees and surgeons with different levels of experience.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".