Insect emergence in Canadian coldwater springs: spatial and temporal patterns, and species-environment relationships
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Considerable spatial and temporal variability was detected in the environmental conditions in 30 coldwater springs in southern Ontario, Canada. Using standard pyramidal emergence traps, a total of 86 insect species was recorded from these springs (not including the Chironomidae). These represented nine taxonomic groups, among which the Limoniidae (Diptera) was the most diverse with 38 species. Fifty-five per cent of all species recorded had a low frequency (found at three or fewer sites), and only for very few of these rare species were more than 10 individuals m-2 collected. Interannual differences were also apparent. Continuous sampling over time showed that emergence records from a single year, on average, contained only around 50% of the total number of species obtained during the entire study. Species-environment relationships analyzed by Canonical Correspondence Analysis indicated that temperature and discharge correlated most strongly with insect community similarity among spring sites. The prospects for developing regional typologies of coldwater springs, based on their environmental conditions, and the implications of species loss to the continuity of function of coldwater spring ecosystems are discussed.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".