A Two-Dimensional Optical True Time-Delay Beamformer Consisting of a Fiber Bragg Grating Prism and Switch-Based Fiber-Optic Delay Lines
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
A two-dimensional optical true time-delay (TTD) beamforming system for a planar phased array antenna (PAA) is proposed and demonstrated. The optical beamforming system consists of a fiber-Bragg-grating-prism-based wavelength-dependent TTD (WD-TTD) unit for azimuth beam steering and a microelectromechanical-system-switch-based wavelength-independent TTD (WI-TTD) unit for elevation beam steering. The time delays generated by the WD-TTD and WI-TTD are measured. The results show that the proposed system can achieve the required time delays with the time-delay errors for the WD-TTD and the WI-TTD at 1 GHz less than 11.8 and 3.6 ps, which correspond to radiation direction errors of less than 1.5deg and 0.4deg for a planar PAA with the adjacent array elements spaced by a half radio-frequency wavelength.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it