Clinical Profile of Diabetic Nephropathy and Correlation With Intrarenal Resistivity Index by Duplex Ultrasonography
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background: To study the clinical profile of Diabetic nephropathy and the correlation of intrarenal resistivity index with parameters of renal dysfunction like Glomerular filtration rate, Serum Creatinine, micro and macroalbuminuria. Methods: This was a cross sectional observational study carried out over a period of 2 years. Patients of type 2 Diabetes as per WHO criteria who had nephropathy were included. A Detailed history was taken and clinical examination was done. Urine routine and microscopic examination and biochemical investigations were done. Patients were subjected to ultrasound of kidneys and renal doppler. Results: A total of 160 patients of type 2 diabetes with diabetic nephropathy were studied. They were divided into two groups based on intrarenal resistivity index (IRI) by duplex ultrasonography as Group I: Patients with IRI ? 0.70 (n = 72) and Group II: Patients with IRI > 0.70 (n = 88). Mean age in group I was 50.42 ± 4.89 and in group II was 60.34 ± 7.92 (P = 0.000). Mean duration of diabetes mellitus in group I was 4.57 ± 3.65 years and 11.25 ± 6.97 years in group II. Mean systolic BP in group II was 144.09 ± 16.79 mmHg whereas in group I it was 128.47 ± 13.07 mmHg, 80.55% in group I were in the early stage of nephropathy whereas 69.32% patients of group II were in established stage of nephropathy. On multivariate analysis, factors which independently affected IRI were age, Hypertension, Complications - Coronary artery disease and retinopathy, Macroalbuminuria, Decreased creatinine clearance. Conclusions: Intrarenal resistivity index as assessed by duplex ultrasonography is a non-invasive parameter that can be correlated with the clinical profile and biochemical parameters of renal dysfunction type II diabetes mellitus with diabetic nephropathy. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.4021/wjnu41w
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".