Brain Sodium Channels Mediate Increases in Brain “Ouabain” and Blood Pressure in Dahl S Rats
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Central infusions of benzamil prevent/reverse salt-induced hypertension in genetic models of salt-sensitive hypertension. Benzamil acts by blockade of ion--presumably sodium--channels. In the present study, we assessed in Dahl salt-sensitive (S) rats on high salt intake whether these channels mediate increases in brain "ouabain" and, thereby, hypertension. Intracerebroventricular (icv) infusions of a low (1.2 microg/kg per hour) or high (4.0 microg/kg per hour) dose of benzamil were given to Dahl S rats on high salt diet (1370 micromol Na+/g food) for 2 or 4 weeks. "Ouabain" content was measured using a specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Systolic blood pressure (BP) in Dahl S rats on high salt for 4 weeks increased markedly (188+/-10 versus 128+/-4 mm Hg, n=8, P<0.05). Benzamil fully blocked this increase (131+/-7 mm Hg after the high dose of benzamil). Hypothalamic and pituitary "ouabain" increased significantly (22+/-7 versus 12+/-3 and 151+/-38 versus 69+/-6 ng/g tissue, respectively, P<0.05) in Dahl S rats on high salt versus regular salt diet for 2 weeks. Benzamil blocked these increases of brain "ouabain" to high salt intake. Similarly, high salt intake for 4 weeks increased hypothalamic (18+/-2 versus 13+/-1 ng/g tissue, P<0.05) and pituitary (183+/-30 versus 78+/-8 ng/g tissue, P<0.05) "ouabain." Benzamil also inhibited these increases of brain "ouabain." Both hypothalamic and pituitary "ouabain" showed significant positive correlations with BP. In contrast, high salt intake did not affect "ouabain" levels in the adrenal gland or plasma in Dahl S rats on high salt for either 2 or 4 weeks. These findings indicate that in Dahl S rats high salt intake only increases brain and not peripheral "ouabain" and that benzamil-blockable brain sodium channels mediate the increases in brain "ouabain" and the subsequent hypertension.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".