Is Whole-Body Thermoregulatory Function Impaired in Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus?
Bibliographic record
Abstract
UNLABELLED: During periods of extreme heat individuals with diabetes have greater rates of heat-related morbidity and mortality compared to their non-diabetic counterparts. The reason for this discrepancy is currently unknown. Furthermore, there is a lack of information about whether or not individuals with type 1 diabetes are at a thermoregulatory disadvantage during strenuous physical activity especially when performed in the heat. PURPOSE: This review discusses the current literature pertaining to thermoregulatory responses in individuals with type 1 diabetes. METHODS: We included 14 reviews and 95 original research articles identified by searches of PubMed and Google Scholar and deemed relevant to our subject by three independent readers. RESULTS: Individuals with poorly controlled type 1 diabetes may have impaired heat sensation, and a reduced capacity to dissipate heat due to lower skin blood flow and sweating responses and a greater tendency towards dehydration compared to individuals without diabetes. Impairments may be attenuated or absent in those with good blood glucose control. We found no published studies examining thermoregulatory responses to physical activity in the heat in individuals with type 1 diabetes. CONCLUSIONS: Type 1 diabetes may cause impairments in heat loss resulting in a greater level of thermal strain. Advancement in our understanding about the effects of type 1 diabetes on the heat stress response, especially during different challenges to human heat balance associated with changes in both environmental heat load and metabolic heat production (physical activity), will help us to determine where the risk of heat-illness/injury actually exists.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".