Gestational age differences in health and development among young Swedish men born at term
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Although increased morbidity and mortality associated with pre-term birth and restricted fetal growth have been extensively studied, relatively little is known about variations in health outcomes among term births, because they are often assumed to be homogeneous. METHODS: We examined variations in height, body mass index (BMI), systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP and DBP), and intellectual performance by gestational age and fetal 'growth' (birth weight for gestational age) among young Swedish men born at term (37-41 weeks of gestation). We also compared the magnitude of associations among 314,642 men from different families and among 72,212 full brothers from 35,215 families to assess whether the associations are explained by familial factors shared by siblings. RESULTS: Gestational age in completed weeks was positively associated with height [0.11 cm, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.09-0.13] and intellectual performance (0.01, 95% CI: 0.00-0.02) and negatively associated with SBP (-0.28 mmHg, 95% CI: -0.33 to -0.24), after controlling for birth weight, maternal age at the men's birth, parity, family socio-economic position and family structure. The associations with height and SBP were observed also among brothers within families, suggesting that they are not explained by shared family characteristics. However, the positive association between gestational age and intellectual performance was no longer present within families. Birth weight for gestational age (z-score) was positively associated with height, BMI and intellectual performance and negatively associated with SBP. These associations were robust within families. CONCLUSIONS: Among young men born at term, fetal growth and even gestational age are independently associated with adult size, BP and cognitive ability. The extent to which shared family characteristics explain the associations varies across outcomes.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".