ITS Base Sequence Phylogeny in Bidens (Asteraceae): Evidence for the Continental Relatives of Hawaiian and Marquesan Bidens
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract We sequenced the complete ITS regions and the 5.8S gene of nuclear ribosomal DNA of 24 plants representing 20 species and two hybrids from six sections of Bidens, plus one species of Cosmos, and produced a phylogenetic tree. All Hawaiian species have identical sequences, including B. cosmoides. Bidens cosmoides is the most morphologically divergent species in the genus, and has previously been segregated into the monotypic section Degeneria and considered to represent a separate introduction of Bidens into Hawaii. Hawaiian and southeast Polynesian species represent a single monophyletic colonization of islands in the Pacific Ocean. There is a basal dichotomy in Bidens between north temperate species of wet habitats in sections Hydrocarpaea and Bidens and subtropical and tropical species of well drained habitats in sections Psilocarpaea, Campylotheca, and Greenmania, suggesting the two groups are not closely related. Segregation of the aquatic B. beckii as the monotypic genus Megalodonta is not supported. A recently discovered Bidens on Starbuck Island in the South Pacific is not closely related to Polynesian Bidens. It could represent a second colonization of the South Pacific, or it could be a recent, non-indigenous introduction. The continental sister group of Polynesian Bidens appears to be a group of Latin American herbaceous species with determinate growth in section Psilocarpaea rather than the indeterminate woody vines of section Greenmania. This suggests that woodiness and indeterminate growth are apomorphic in Polynesian Bidens. Communicating Editor: Kathleen Kron
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".