The effect of fetal gender on the false-positive rate of Down syndrome by maternal serum screening
Bibliographic record
Abstract
OBJECTIVES: (1) To further explore if there is a difference in maternal serum levels of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) and estriol (uE3) between fetal genders. (2) To determine if these differences influence false-positive rates of Down syndrome screening in pregnancies with male or female fetuses. METHODS: This is a descriptive study of women screened at the Ontario Maternal Serum Screening program between 1993 and 1995. The women were grouped by fetal gender and ethnicity. Serum levels of the three markers and screening false-positive rates for Down syndrome were compared between fetal genders in women of different ethnicity respectively. RESULTS: Complete data were available for 110 306 pregnancies. In all three ethnic groups, MSAFP levels were significantly decreased and MShCG levels were significantly increased in women with female fetuses. The level of MSuE3 was similar between genders. The difference in false-positive rates of Down syndrome between genders was not statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS: This is the largest study comparing false-positive rates between fetal genders. In contrast to previous studies, the differences in the serum marker levels between fetal genders do not influence the false-positive rates for Down syndrome.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".