Effect of three salts on germination and seedling survival of dimorphic seeds of <i>Chenopodium album</i>
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Chenopodium album L., a salt-tolerant species that is widely distributed in the semi-arid areas of Xinjiang, China, produces numerous dimorphic seeds (black and brown). To investigate the effects of three salts (NaCl, KCl, and CaCl2, which constitute the main salt cations in the soil in semi-arid areas) on seed germination and seedling survival of C. album, seeds were germinated in different salinity treatments: 0, 100, 200, and 250 mmol·L–1 of NaCl or KCl; or, 300 and 400 mmol·L–1 NaCl or KCl, each amended with CaCl2 (0, 2.5, 5.0, 7.5, and 10.0 mmol·L–1). Results showed that the brown seeds were more salt tolerant, and a higher percentage germinated than black seeds in the different salinity treatments. The percentage of germinating of black seeds could be significantly improved, when under saline conditions, by the synergetic action of ethephon (C2H6ClO3P) and KNO3. The addition of low concentrations of CaCl2 improved seed germination for seeds exposed to 300 mmol·L–1 NaCl or KCl, and the alleviating effects were stronger for the brown than for the black seeds. Seedling survival could also be enhanced by the addtion of CaCl2. These results suggest that the dimorphic seeds of C. album exhibit different germination patterns under different salinity conditions, and that the diversity in salt tolerance of dimorphic seeds enables C. album to adapt to semi-arid areas successfully. The physiological mechanism by which CaCl2 enhances the germination of dimorphic seeds requires further study.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".