A maximum a posteriori approach to speaker adaptation using the trended hidden Markov model
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
A formulation of the maximum a posteriori (MAP) approach to speaker adaptation is presented with use of the trended or nonstationary-state hidden Markov model (HMM), where the Gaussian means in each HMM state are characterized by time-varying polynomial trend functions of the state sojourn time. Assuming uncorrelatedness among the polynomial coefficients in the trend functions, we have obtained analytical results for the MAP estimates of the parameters including time-varying means and time-invariant precisions. We have implemented a speech recognizer based on these results in speaker adaptation experiments using the TI46 corpora. The experimental evaluation demonstrates that the trended HMM, with use of either the linear or the quadratic polynomial trend function, consistently outperforms the conventional, stationary-state HMM. The evaluation also shows that the unadapted, speaker-independent models are outperformed by the models adapted by the MAP procedure under supervision with as few as a single adaptation token. Further, adaptation of polynomial coefficients alone is shown to be better than adapting both polynomial coefficients and precision matrices when fewer than four adaptation tokens are used, while the reverse is found with a greater number of adaptation tokens.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it