Evolution of an X-Linked Primate-Specific Micro RNA Cluster
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Micro RNAs (miRNAs) are a class of small regulatory RNAs, which posttranscriptionally repress protein production of the targeted messenger RNAs (mRNAs). Accumulating evidence has suggested lineage-specific miRNAs have contributed to lineage-specific characteristics. However, the birth and death of these miRNAs, particularly in primates, largely remain unexplored. We herein characterized the evolutionary history of a newly discovered miRNA cluster on primate X-chromosome, spanning a approximately 33-kb region in human Xq27.3. The cluster consists of six distinct miRNAs, four of which are compactly organized in a 3-kb region belonging to a phylogenetic group distinct from the other two miRNAs. By comparing the genomic structure of this cluster in human with four other primates (chimpanzee, orangutan, rhesus macaque, and marmoset), we identified several previously uncovered miRNAs in these primates that share orthology with the human miRNAs. We found the entire miRNA cluster was well conserved among primate species but unidentifiable in other mammalian species (including mouse, rat, cat, dog, horse, cow, opossum, and platypus), suggesting that the formation of this cluster was after the primate-rodent split but before the emergence of New-World Monkey (represented by marmoset). Our analysis further revealed complex evolutionary dynamics on this locus, characterized by extensive duplication events. Phylogenetic analysis revealed birth and death of the miRNAs within this region, accompanied by rapid evolution, which highlighted their functional importance. These miRNAs are primarily expressed in primate epididymis, part of the male reproductive system. Our analysis showed that their predicted target mRNAs are significantly enriched for several functional classes relevant to epididymal physiology, such as morphogenesis of epithelium and tube development. Furthermore, several genes controlling sperm maturation and male fertility are confidently predicted to be their targets. Collectively, we argue these miRNAs might play an important role in epididymal morphogenesis and sperm maturation and in establishing primate-specific epididymal characteristics.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".