Atmospheric velocity fields in tepid main sequence stars
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Context. The line profiles of the stars with below a few can reveal direct signatures of local velocity fields such as convection in stellar atmospheres. This effect is well established in cool main sequence stars, and has been detected and studied in three A stars. Aims. This paper reports observations of main sequence B, A and F stars (1) to identify additional stars with sufficiently low values of to search for spectral line profile signatures of local velocity fields and (2) to explore how the signatures of the local velocity fields in the atmosphere depend on stellar parameters such as effective temperature and peculiarity type. Methods. We have carried out a spectroscopic survey of B and A stars of low at high resolution. Comparison of model spectra with those observed allows us to detect signatures of the local velocity fields such as asymmetric excess line wing absorption, best-fit parameter values that are found to be larger for strong lines than for weak lines, and discrepancies between observed and modelled line profile shapes. Results. Symptoms of local atmospheric velocity fields are always detected through a non-zero microturbulence parameter for main sequence stars having below about 10 000 K, but not for hotter stars. Direct line profile tracers of the atmospheric velocity field are found in six very sharp-lined stars in addition to the three reported earlier. Direct signatures of velocity fields are found to occur in A stars with and without the Am chemical peculiarities, although the amplitude of the effects seems larger in Am stars. Velocity fields are also directly detected in spectral line profiles of A and early F supergiants, but without significant line asymmetries.Conclusions. We confirm that several atmospheric velocity field signatures, particularly excess line wing absorption which is stronger in the blue line wing than in the red, are detectable in the spectral lines of main sequence A stars of sufficiently low . We triple the sample of A stars known to show these effects, which are found both in Am and normal A stars. We argue that the observed line distortions are probably due to convective motions reaching the atmosphere. These data still have not been satisfactorily explained by models of atmospheric convection, including numerical simulations.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".