Vascular endothelial ageing, heartbeat after heartbeat
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The vascular endothelium starts to age at the first heartbeat. There is no longer a need to demonstrate that an increased resting heart rate--above 70 b.p.m.--is associated with the onset of cardiovascular events and reduces lifespan in humans. Each cardiac cycle imposes a mechanical constraint on the arteries, and we would like to propose that this mechanical stress damages the vascular endothelium, its dysfunction being the prerequisite for atherogenesis. Consequently, reducing heart rate could protect the endothelium and slow the onset of atherosclerosis. The potential mechanisms by which reducing heart rate could be beneficial to the endothelium are likely a combination of a reduction in mechanical stress and tissue fatigue and a prolongation of the period of steady laminar flow, and thus sustained shear stress, between each systole. With age, irreparable damage accumulates in endothelial cells and leads to senescence, which is characterized by a pro-atherogenic phenotype. In the body, the highest mechanical stress occurs in the coronary vessels, where blood only flows during diastole and even reverses during systole; thus, coronary arteries are the prime site of atherosclerosis. All classical risk factors for cardiovascular diseases add up, to accelerate atherogenesis, but hypertension, which further raises mechanical stress, is likely the most damaging. By inducing flow through the arteries, the heart rate determines shear stress and its stability: mechanical stress and the associated damage induced by each systole are efficiently counteracted by the repair capacities of a healthy endothelium. The maintenance of a physiological, low heart rate may be key to prolonging the endothelial healthy lifespan and thus, vascular health.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.005 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".