Efficacy of pea protein and combinations of pea protein and wasps against stored-grain insects in large-scale tests.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Protein-enriched pea flour is toxic and repellent to three major stored grain pests, the rice weevil, Sitophilus oryzae, the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum and the rusty grain beetle, Cryptolestes ferrugineus. A unique and valuable aspect of the protein-enriched pea flour is that it is not toxic to several parasitoids that are associated with two of these insect pests. These parasitoids include Anisopteromalus calandrae, a parasitoid of S. oryzae, and Cephalonomia waterstoni, a parasitoid of C. ferrugineus. Two, large-scale tests, including one test in combination with the parasitoids, were conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of the pea flour as a grain protectant in Manitoba, Canada. A 2-month, 30-tonne-granary trial with barley was conducted in 6 bins, each filled with 11 tonnes of barley. Bins had full-floor aeration, hence insects could leave or enter the grain mass. Results showed that treating all the barley during loading with 0.1% of pea protein had a similar effect to treating the barley in only the top half of the granary with 0.5% of pea protein. Compared with control bins, the treatments with protein-enriched pea flour reduced the size of S. oryzae populations by more than 90%, and those of Cryptolestes ferrugineus and T. castaneum by more than 70%. A 5-month, 330-kg-barrel test with wheat was set up to test the effectiveness of the combination of protein-enriched pea flour with parasitoids against S. oryzae and C. ferrugineus. The parasitoids A. calandrae and C. waterstoni reduced the mean number of S. oryzae by about 70%, but the reduction was not significant because of high variability in the controls. Combinations of parasitoids and pea flour at 0.1% reduced the S. oryzae population by 99.8%. For unknown reasons, the populations of C. ferrugineus did not become established in the barrel tests. As a result, we could draw no conclusions concerning the effectiveness of the combination of parasitoids and protein-enriched pea flour against this major pest.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".