An electrokinetic model of drop deformation in an electric field
Bibliographic record
Abstract
An electrokinetic model is proposed to describe a slight drop deformation which is induced by a weak external electric field. The fluids forming the system are considered Newtonian incompressible dielectric liquids containing free electric charge carriers. According to the model, the charge carriers take part in migration, diffusion and convection transport and there is no solute adsorption at the interface. Thermodynamic quasi-equilibrium at the interface is assumed for the charge carriers in the contacting liquids. The interfacial thermodynamic equilibrium is described using a common distribution coefficient for all the carriers. The problem is simplified by assuming equal diffusion coefficients for the different charge carriers within the same liquid. An analytical expression is obtained for slight drop deformation which is proportional to the second power of the applied field strength magnitude. The expression derived represents the drop deformation as a function of the parameters employed in previous theories (O’Konski & Thacher 1953; Allan & Mason 1962; Taylor 1966) as well as two additional parameters. The additional parameters are the ratios of the drop radius to the Debye lengths of the outer and inner liquids, respectively. The expression obtained for the drop deformation is valid for arbitrary values of these parameters. According to the theory prediction, with an increase in the drop radius, the drop deformation monotonically changes from that obtained by O’Konski & Thacher (1953) and Allan & Mason (1962) for perfect dielectric liquids to that obtained by Taylor (1966) for leaky dielectric liquids. Two simplified versions of the general expression are suggested to describe particular cases of a conducting drop in a perfect dielectric liquid and of a perfect dielectric drop in a conducting liquid.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".