Phrase Clustering for Smoothing TM Probabilities - or, How to Extract Paraphrases from Phrase Tables
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper describes how to cluster to-gether the phrases of a phrase-based sta-tistical machine translation (SMT) sys-tem, using information in the phrase table itself. The clustering is symmetric and recursive: it is applied both to source-language and target-language phrases, and the clustering in one language helps determine the clustering in the other. The phrase clusters have many possible uses. This paper looks at one of these uses: smoothing the conditional translation model (TM) probabilities employed by the SMT system. We incorporated phrase-cluster-derived probability esti-mates into a baseline loglinear feature combination that included relative fre-quency and lexically-weighted condition-al probability estimates. In Chinese-English (C-E) and French-English (F-E) learning curve experiments, we obtained a gain over the baseline in 29 of 30 tests, with a maximum gain of 0.55 BLEU points (though most gains were fairly small). The largest gains came with me-dium (200-400K sentence pairs) rather than with small (less than 100K sentence pairs) amounts of training data, contrary to what one would expect from the pa-raphrasing literature. We have only be-gun to explore the original smoothing approach described here.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".