Evolution of Near-Surface Deformed Layers on AA3104 Aluminium Alloy
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The present work studied the microstructure of near-surface deformed layers and their evolution from the transfer slab to the cold rolled final gauge sheet of an AA3104 aluminium alloy. Electron microscopy of ultramicrotomed cross-sections revealed two types of near-surface deformed layers, i.e. type A and type B, both with different microstructures to the underlying bulk alloy. A typical feature of the deformed layers is the nano-sized ultrafine grains, with diameters ≤ 200 nm for the type A and ≤ 500 nm for the type B deformed layer. Electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) indicated that oxide particles are present along grain boundaries within the type A deformed layer, while the type B deformed layer is free of oxide particles. The type A deformed layer is mainly generated at elevated temperatures during the early stages of hot rolling. Its thickness is non-uniform across the surface, with a maximum of ~4 µm on the transfer slab, ~1 µm on the re-roll gauge sheet and ~0.8 µm on the final gauge sheet. While the surface of the hot rolled sheet is mainly covered by the type A deformed layer, the surface undergone cold rolling is alternately covered by the type A and the type B deformed layers.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".