Does aerial spraying of<i>Bacillus thuringiensis</i>subsp.<i>kurstaki</i>(Btk) pose a risk to nontarget soil microarthropods?
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This field study was carried out to investigate whether application of an aerial spray containing Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki (Btk) to control the western spruce budworm (Choristoneura occidentalis Freeman, 1967) had any measurable effects on aspects of the abundance, distribution, diversity, and feeding behaviour of nontarget soil microarthropods. Although total abundance and species richness (N 0 ) of Collembola declined significantly in samples taken 3 weeks after spraying, this decline occurred in the control plots as well as in plots sprayed with Btk. Values for the diversity indices N 1 and N 2 were not affected by the treatment. Correspondence analysis did not identify changes in collembolan communities following the aerial application of Btk. Total abundance of mites and populations of different suborders (Prostigmata, Mesostigmata, and Oribatida) were not significantly affected by application of Btk, or by the time of year that the samples were collected. There was no evidence of a selective reduction in the surface-dwelling portions of the collembolan and mite communities following exposure to Btk. Similarly, the experimental spray did not cause a decline in the abundance of the guild of Collembola known to feed on bacteria, and the proportion of bacteria in the diet of these Collembola following application of Btk was also unchanged.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".