Solubility and scale prevention of gypsum in transportation pipes of well brine with salinities up to 5 M at temperature range of 278–298 K
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The results of work performed on reducing gypsum scale formation in transportation pipes of well salt brine are described. Two methods: seeding with calcium sulfate dihydrate and dilution of brine were proposed. With the first method, various mass and size distributions of seeds were introduced into an perspex reactor with well salt brine (NaCl: 300 g/L, Na2SO4: 20 g/L) to investigate the factors that influence crystallization of calcium sulfate dihydrate, such as temperature, mass of seed crystals, and size distribution of seed crystals. The kinetics of calcium sulfate dihydrate growth at temperatures ranging between 5 and 25 °C were obtained. Results showed that the elimination of supersaturation was enhanced with increasing temperature and the dosage of seed crystal. It was also found that the more efficient in scale prevention was obtained when smaller seed crystals were employed. It was seen that the crystal growth of calcium sulfate dihydrate in brine was proportional to the square of supersaturation at the investigated temperatures. With the second method, results showed that a complete elimination of supersaturation was achieved when 4.3% water was added into the brine with the help of solubility determination of calcium sulfate dihydrate.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".