Performance comparison and pretreatment evaluation of three water treatment membrane pilot plants treating low turbidity water
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The performance of three different low-pressure water treatment membrane pilot plants was evaluated on a low-turbidity, low-colour water in British Columbia. All membrane units were hollow-fibre, hydrophilic membranes with nominal pore sizes of 0.01 to 0.2 µm. In addition to finished water quality, specific flux of each membrane was used to compare the performance of the three membrane units. The effect of feed pretreatment on the performance of the membranes and removal of disinfection byproduct (DBP) precursors was evaluated using chemical coagulation and powdered activated carbon (PAC) addition. Chemical coagulation proved to be very effective in removing DPB precursors and reducing the rate of membrane fouling. Powdered activated carbon addition, on the other hand, resulted in moderate removal of DBP precursors but increased the rate of membrane fouling. The nature and causes of membrane fouling as well as the impact of pretreatment methods on membrane fouling are discussed. Key words: ultrafiltration, microfiltration, coagulation, PAC, fouling, hollow fibre membranes, pretreatment, water treatment.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".