An ant colony optimization metaheuristic for single-path multicommodity network flow problems
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper studies the single-path multicommodity network flow problem (SMNF), in which the flow of each commodity can only use one path linking its origin and destination in the network. We study two versions of this problem based on two different objectives. The first version is to minimize network congestion, an issue of concern in traffic grooming over wavelength division multiplexing (WDM), and in which there generally exists a commodity flow between every pair of nodes. The second problem is a constrained version of the general linear multicommodity flow problem, in which, for each commodity, a single path is allowed to send the required flow, and the objective is to determine a flow pattern that obeys the arc capacities and minimizes the total shipping cost. Based on the node-arc and the arc-chain representations, we first present two formulations. Owing to computational impracticality of exact algorithms for practical networks, we propose an ant colony optimization-(ACO) based metaheuristic to deal with SMNF. Considering different problem properties, we devise two versions of ACO metaheuristics to solve these two problems, respectively. The proposed algorithms’ efficiencies are experimentally investigated on some generated instances of SMNF. The test results demonstrate that the proposed ACO metaheuristics are computationally efficient and robust approaches for solving SMNF.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".