An artificial nesting substrate for <i>Osmia</i> species that nest under stones, with focus on <i>Osmia inermis</i> (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Several megachilid bees are excellent crop pollinators, and many species show potential for management as they nest in pre‐existing cavities in artificial substrates. Some species, particularly in the Osmiini, however, have nesting habits not conducive to conventional trap‐nesting. Here we report on an artificial nest for species of Osmia bees which normally build nests on the underside of stones. The Holarctic species Osmia inermis accepted overturned terracotta saucers as nesting sites, with 10% of the saucers occupied in the fall of 2011. These saucers are inexpensive and available in many sizes, facilitating further scientific study of this, and other species. Implications of using artificial nests for managing this bee for crop pollination, and for its conservation, are discussed.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".