Length of storage and in vitro immunomodulation induced by prestorage leukoreduced red blood cells
Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND: The relationship between length of storage of red blood cell (RBC) units and biochemical changes has been well studied, but little is known about the progression of cellular immunomodulative properties in blood recipients. This study aims to quantify in vitro T-cell activation and cytokine release by white blood cells, after incubation with supernatants from leukoreduced RBCs. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Whole blood cultures were incubated with supernatant from five leukoreduced RBC units stored for 1, 6, 10, 15, 24, and 42 days. Supernatant-induced T-cell activation was evaluated by quantifying CD25 expression. Supernatant-induced cytokine production was determined by measuring interleukin (IL)-6, IL-10, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha levels. RESULTS: No cytokines were detected in RBC supernatants even after 42 days of storage. However, IL-6 levels in whole blood culture increased significantly when incubated with supernatant from RBC units stored for 1, 6, and 15 days, by factors of 1.7 +/- 0.3, 1.7 +/- 0.3, and 1.4 +/- 0.3, respectively. TNF-alpha levels were significantly decreased on Days 24 and 42 of storage by factors of 0.50 +/- 0.42 and 0.33 +/- 0.21, respectively. IL-10 levels were significantly increased on Days 1 and 42 of storage by factors of 2.3 +/- 1.3 and 3.2 +/- 2.8, respectively. After an initial increase in IL-6 and TNF-alpha production, there was a significant linear decrease in their levels measured from units stored for longer times. No significant changes in CD25 expression were observed over time. CONCLUSION: Although no cytokines were measured in the supernatants from leukoreduced RBCs, these supernatants exhibited variable immunomodulatory effects related to their length of storage.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it