Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper presents the results of an experimental study of flow around cylindrical objects in an open channel. Cylindrical objects of equal diameter and four heights were tested under similar flow conditions producing four different levels of submergence, including a surface piercing bridge-pier-like cylinder. Different flow elements and their locations were identified using a set of flow visualization tests. Observations made from the flow visualization tests were then verified by measurements of bed-shear stress and deflected flow velocity around the cylinders. Horse-shoe vortex systems were found to appear closer to the submerged cylinders compared to a surface piercing cylinder. The increase in dimensionless bed-shear stress is found to be inversely related to the level of submergence of the cylinders. Bed-shear stress results presented in this paper will be valuable for a qualitative understanding of the scour potential of flow around submerged cylinders. Mean velocity profiles in the deflected flow region were analyzed in terms of the theories of three-dimensional turbulent boundary layer. Submergence of a cylinder has been found to suppress alternate vortex shedding and produce stronger three-dimensional flows in the downstream wake. Perry and Joubert’s model was found to be sufficiently accurate to predict the deflected velocity magnitudes around submerged cylinders. Overall, the present study will provide valuable knowledge of hydraulics of flow around submerged structures (e.g., simple fish habitat structures).
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".