Hepatotoxic Botanicals - An Evidence-based Systematic Review
Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
PURPOSE: Herbal medicines have been increasingly used worldwide. However, the potential harms of these herbs have been noticed most recently following hepatotoxicity with ingestion of herbal remedies. The aim of this review is to evaluate the evidence of hepatotoxic effects linked to use of herbal preparations. METHOD: Electronic search was performed by searching several databases: PubMed, HerbMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews and Cochrane Library using both Latin and common names of several herbs. Language was restricted to English and articles were selected for relevance reporting incidence of hepatotoxicity associated with use of herbal products in human. RESULTS: From a total of 565 relevant reviews and articles, 254 met our inclusion criteria and were analyzed. Serious hepatotoxic events associated with various herbal products alone or in combination with other drugs have been reported. Linking to herbal constituents the spectrum of liver toxicity includes elevated liver enzymes, acute or chronic hepatitis, cholestasis, hepatic necrosis, fibrosis, and cirrhosis, as well as acute liver failure and hepatic veno-occlusive disease. CONCLUSION: The hepatotoxicity of herbs was extensively acknowledged. As the use of natural medicine increases, the risk of liver toxicity and drug interaction increase as well. Accordingly, herbal remedies have been known as hepatotoxins causing several liver damages. Further scientific studies with high and good quality are needed to identify toxic compounds and understand the exact mechanism of hepatotoxicity-induced by herbs. The adverse effects of herbal products must be fully reported as well as extensive education of healthcare providers must be provided in order to reduce danger of alternative medicines.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.019 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.006 | 0.002 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.004 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.006 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.005 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it