Dibutylphthalate and Tween 80 alter ultrastructure in<i>Candida albicans</i>: implications for peroxisome proliferation
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Phthalates are ubiquitous environmental pollutants associated with endocrine disruption and peroxisome proliferation in experimental animals. In yeasts exposed to environmental chemicals, including phthalates, alterations in cell growth, cellular morphology, and H2O2 detoxification occur. Nutrient availability also influences diverse cellular processes. Differences in responses to environmental stress between Candida albicans and the model yeast, Saccharomyces cerevesiae, have been reported. In this study, we chose C. albicans as an alternate model for testing estrogen-like chemicals because of its high affinity estrogen-binding protein and, in contrast to S. cerevesiae, estrogens are not growth inhibitory for C. albicans. Cultures were grown in either yeast nitrogen dextrose (YND; phosphate limiting) or YNDP (YND plus 100 mmol/L inorganic phosphate). For chemical testing, 0.5% dibutylphthalate (DBP), 0.05% Tween 80, or a combination of the two (DBPT) were incorporated in growth media to investigate the effects of these estrogenic agents on cell proliferation, morphology, and catalase demonstration. We observed significant differences in cell growth related to DBP and changes in cell wall thickness related to both Tween 80 and phosphate. We describe ultrastructural changes including detachment of the outer yeast cell wall layer and presence of putative peroxisomes. Our findings support the proposal that C. albicans may be particularly suitable for use in studies involving cellular responses associated with exposure to estrogenic chemicals contained in complex mixtures.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".