Three bovine 2-fucosyltransferase genes encode enzymes that preferentially transfer fucose on Gal 1-3GalNAc acceptor substrates
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
To investigate the synthesis of alpha2-fucosylated epitopes in the bovine species, we have characterized cDNAs from various tissues. We found three distinct alpha2-fucosyltransferase genes, named bovine fut1, fut2, and sec1 which are homologous to human FUT1, FUT2, and Sec1 genes, respectively. Their open reading frames (ORF) encode polypeptides of 360 (bovine H), 344 (bovine Se), and 368 (bovine Sec1) amino acids, respectively. These enzymes transfer fucose in alpha1,2 linkage to ganglioside GM(1)and galacto- N -biose, but not to the phenyl-beta-D-galactoside, type 1 or type 2 acceptors, suggesting that their substrate specificity is different and more restricted than the other cloned mammalian alpha2-fucosyltransferases. Southern blot analyses detected four related alpha2-fucosyltransferase sequences in the bovine genome while only three have been described in other species. The supernumerary entity seems to be related to the alpha2-fucosyltransferase activity which can also use type 1 and phenyl-beta-D-galactoside substrate acceptors. It was exclusively found in bovine intestinal tract. Our results show that, at least in one mammalian species, four alpha2-fucosyltransferases are present, three adding a fucose on alpha1,2 linkage on type 3/4 acceptor (Galbeta1-3GalNAc) and another able to transfer also fucose on phenyl-beta-D-galactoside and type 1 (Galbeta1-3GlcNAc) acceptors. The phylogenetic tree of the enzymes homologous to those encoded by the bovine fut1, fut2, and sec1 genes revealed two main families, one containing all the H-like proteins and the second containing all the Se-like and Sec1-like proteins. The Sec1-like family had a higher evolutionary rate than the Se-like family.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.008 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it