Acidification and release of heavy metals in dredged sediments
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The oxidation of iron sulphides in dredged sediments can be a source of long-term contamination of surface and underground water. The adverse effects are related to a decrease in the ability of soil to retain heavy metals, which is caused by acidification. Laboratory tests were conducted, and pH variations and consequent release of heavy metals, especially Zn, Cu, and Pb, into the solution were monitored over time. The rate of pyrite oxidation was determined based on the sulphate production rate, through the stoichiometry of the oxidation reaction. Samples of sediments from the Jacarepaguá lagoon complex, State of Rio de Janeiro, were dried and oxidized over a period of 10 months. During this period the pH fell from 6.9 to 3.3, with oxidation of approximately 20% of the sulphur present in the form of iron sulphide, and 45% of the Zn, 15% of the Pb, and 5% of the Cu contained in the material were released. The oxidation rate at the initial stages was of the order of 1.0 × 10 4 g(O 2 )·h 1 , decreasing to 1.0 × 10 5 g(O 2 )·h 1 during the test. This study presents the laboratory methodology developed for determining the oxidation rate in a system where the oxygen consumption is governed not only by the pyrite oxidation, but also by the organic matter. In these experiments, a key measure of intrinsic oxidation rate (IOR) is the oxidation rate where oxygen is freely available at normal atmospheric concentration. By comparing the values obtained for the dredged material with the results of the IOR of mining waste materials reported in the literature, it was observed that the oxidation rates of the iron sulphide formed in the Jacarepaguá lagoon environment were one to two orders of magnitude higher than those of mineral iron sulphides from coal wastes. This behavior can be explained considering that the iron sulphides in dredged materials are freshly formed and have more specific surface area exposed to air than the iron sulphide mineral in mining wastes.Key words: sediments, dredging, sulphides, oxidation, acidification, heavy metals.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".