Measurement of the Rate of<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi>ν</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mi>e</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow><mml:mi/><mml:mo>+</mml:mo><mml:mi/><mml:mi mathvariant="italic">d</mml:mi><mml:mi/><mml:mo>→</mml:mo><mml:mi/><mml:mi mathvariant="italic">p</mml:mi><mml:mi/><mml:mo>+</mml:mo><mml:mi/><mml:mi mathvariant="italic">p</mml:mi><mml:mi/><mml:mo>+</mml:mo><mml:mi/><mml:mrow><mml:msup><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="italic">e</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mo>−</mml:mo></mml:mrow></mml:msup></mml:mrow></mml:math>Interactions Produced by<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:mmultiscripts><mml:mrow><mml:mi>B</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mprescripts/><mml:mrow/><mml:mrow><mml:mn>8</mml:mn></mml:mrow><mml:mrow/><mml:mrow/></mml:mmultiscripts></mml:mrow></mml:math>Solar Neutrinos at the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Solar neutrinos from ${}^{8}\mathrm{B}$ decay have been detected at the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory via the charged current (CC) reaction on deuterium and the elastic scattering (ES) of electrons. The flux of ${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{e}$'s is measured by the CC reaction rate to be ${\ensuremath{\varphi}}^{\mathrm{CC}}({\ensuremath{\nu}}_{e})\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}=\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}1.75\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.07(\mathrm{stat}{)}_{\ensuremath{-}0.11}^{+0.12}(\mathrm{syst})\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.05(\mathrm{theor})\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{6}{\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}2}{\mathrm{s}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$. Comparison of ${\ensuremath{\varphi}}^{\mathrm{CC}}({\ensuremath{\nu}}_{e})$ to the Super-Kamiokande Collaboration's precision value of the flux inferred from the ES reaction yields a $3.3\ensuremath{\sigma}$ difference, assuming the systematic uncertainties are normally distributed, providing evidence of an active non- ${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{e}$ component in the solar flux. The total flux of active ${}^{8}\mathrm{B}$ neutrinos is determined to be $5.44\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.99\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{6}{\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}2}{\mathrm{s}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.010 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.031 | 0.030 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".