Expression Profiles of Novel Thyroid Hormone-Responsive Genes and Proteins in the Tail of<i>Xenopus laevis</i>Tadpoles Undergoing Precocious Metamorphosis
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Thyroid hormones (THs) are critical for the growth, development, and homeostasis of many organisms and are necessary for metamorphosis of Xenopus laevis tadpoles. TH-induced metamorphosis requires alterations in the transcriptome and the proteome. However, only a few of the molecular components of this developmental program have been identified and their interrelationship remains unclear. Using a cDNA array comprised of 420 known anuran genes and quantitative PCR, we have identified 93 TH-responsive genes in the tail of premetamorphic tadpoles after exogenous administration of T3. Fifty-three of these mRNA transcripts have not previously been characterized as TH responsive in any species. The gene expression profiles show distinctive temporal patterns with most transcript steady-state levels increasing after induction of metamorphosis. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis of total protein extracts from the tail shows changes in steady-state levels of many proteins after T3 treatment. Of the up-regulated proteins, 10 were identified by peptide mass mapping. These data identify potential components involved in the regulation of Xenopus tail regression by T3 and begin to address a critical question regarding the interrelationship between the transcriptome and the proteome in TH-dependent developmental processes.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".