Estrogen protects against the development of salt-induced cardiac hypertrophy in heterozygous proANP gene-disrupted mice
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in both men and women, but the incidence for women rises sharply after menopause. This has been mainly attributed in the reduction of the female sex hormone estrogen during menopause, suggesting that estrogen may have cardioprotective effects, although how estrogen exerts its cardioprotective effects is not fully understood. Moreover, the beneficial effect of estrogen on end-organ damage such as cardiac hypertrophy (CH) remains unclear. The aim of the present study was to examine the interaction between estrogen and the natriuretic peptide system (NPS) and their possible roles during the development of CH by using the proANP heterozygous atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP +/-) mouse as a model of salt-sensitive CH. Male, female ANP +/- mice, and also ovariectomized (Ovx) female ANP +/- mice treated with oil or estrogen were fed either a normal or high salt (HS) diet. After a 5-week treatment period, marked CH was noted in the male and oil-injected Ovx female ANP +/- mice treated with HS. The cardiac NPS, i.e. ANP, B-type natriuretic peptide, and natriuretic peptide receptor-A, was activated in these ANP +/- mice. Interestingly, the female and estrogen-injected Ovx female ANP +/- mice did not exhibit CH, and the cardiac NPS remained unchanged. Collectively, we provide direct evidence that estrogen has the ability to resist the induction of salt-induced CH in ANP +/- mice. Furthermore, the development of hypertrophy may be activating the cardiac NPS in an attempt to blunt these structural changes.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".