Bibliographic record
Abstract
In the Tropics, the variation of rainfall with sea surface temperature (SST) is highly nonlinear. Rainfall shows no dependence on SST for SST increases from 19 to 26C, abruptly increases by a factor of 5 as SSTs increase from 26 to 29C, and then rapidly declines. It is argued that this nonlinear dependence is a response to the nonlinear dependence of convective mass on SST. Convective mass is a measure of the mass in the convective boundary layer thermodynamically able to participate in deep convection by virtue of its positive convective available potential energy (CAPE). Monthly mean estimates of convective mass were obtained at various islands in the tropical Pacific and Caribbean from the NOAA/National Climatic Data Center highresolution radiosonde database. In the inner Tropics, the tendency for temperatures above the boundary layer to be homogeneous plays an important role in the rapid increase in rainfall near the convective threshold SST. At SSTs below the convective threshold, near-surface winds are generally directed from cold to warmer SSTs, so that horizontal advection of equivalent potential temperature ( e ) will tend to suppress moist entropy, and rainfall, in these regions. In areas of the ocean with SSTs larger than the convective threshold, the mean frequency distribution of e in the boundary layer becomes independent of SST. This occurs both as a response to the homogeneity of temperatures in the inner Tropics, and to the tendency for wind speeds in the boundary layer to decrease with SST for SSTs larger than the convective threshold. In the subtropics, temperature fluctuations are much larger than in the inner Tropics, and can be expected to play a much greater role in determining precipitation patterns.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".