PEGylation of Melittin: Structural Characterization and Hemostatic Effects
Bibliographic record
Abstract
To promote and understand the structure—property relationship for hemostasis, we modified melittin (MLT) using a four-arm poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) with N-hydroxysuccinimide ester. The PEGylation was characterized by FTIR, MALDI-MS, NMR, a bicinchoninic acid assay, circular dichroism, hemolysis assay, and thromboelastography. Changes in the reaction conditions affected the extent of the modification, the numbers of MLT conjugated to PEG arms, and possible PEGylation sites. The reaction at pH 9.2 with a high MLT/PEG ratio, resulted in the highest modification. Reactions in dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) resulted in more multi-arm coupled MLT, reaching a maximum of four MLT per PEG. The helicity of the modified peptide, relative to the native peptide, was essentially maintained in DMSO, but substantially lost at pH 9.2. PEGylation reduced the hemolytic effects of MLT and subsequently changed its coagulation profiles. The overall hemostatic effects of MLT modified in DMSO indicate that this may be a convenient approach to the PEGylation of biomolecules for biomedical applications.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".