A long-term study reveals multiple reproductive behavior strategies among territorial adult male Steller sea lions (<i>Eumetopias jubatus</i>)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We conducted a long-term study to assess how tenure and territorial behaviors influence reproductive success among male Steller sea lions (Eumetopias jubatus (Schreber, 1776)). Copulations by males (n = 44) that maintained territories on a rookery in the Gulf of Alaska from 2001 to 2009 were observed using a remote video system. Approximately half of postpartum females copulated with a male in a different territory from where they gave birth. Nearly two-thirds of territorial males with known tenure were unsuccessful in copulating during their first year. Number of copulations for territorial males increased from acquisition year to year 2 with no change in subsequent years. Cluster analysis of tenure and territorial tactic variables for 15 males with observed lifetime reproductive success was used to describe multiple reproductive strategies. Characteristics of the two most successful strategies were the following: (i) males typically copulated in their first year, retained the same territories for 3–5 years, and occupied centrally located coastal territories where the highest percentage of females gave birth and (ii) males did not copulate until at least their third year and occupied peripheral territories with fewer births for a longer tenure of 7–8 years. Results indicated that lifetime reproductive success was not achieved solely by time on the breeding area; rather, it was achieved from a combination of tenure and territorial tactics.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".