Capitalism, Internationalism and Socialism in A Time of Globalization
Bibliographic record
Abstract
American Industrialization During and Since the 19 lh CenturyAmong the new characteristics introduced were:• The continuous in-migration of people and capital.Unlike Europe, in the US national identity was no longer related to ancestry; citizenship could be earned through application and for children of immigrants, through birth.• The expansion of the country, from coast to coast, and the formation of a national industrial developed economy on a continental scale.• Mobility of the population made possible social betterment (the self-made man is an American staple).• This social mobility created a social atmosphere where it was possible to put production far ahead of consumption.This was done by introducing new products, new models, industrializing food, developing advertising, and introducing a popular credit system (credit cards).• American geography provided two vast coasts on two main oceans, thus offering the possibility for the United States to become simultaneously a territorial and a sea power.The diversity of national origins among the migrants certainly influenced the desire for peace, particularly between America and Europe.The League of Nations, created after the First World War, was President Wilson's idea, but the US itself did not join because of political differences within the US Senate.Later, because of strong isolationist beliefs, although many people supported England's struggle against Nazi Germany, the US only entered in the Second World War after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, December 7, 1941.Two more observations about the evolution of the US:• In his Manifesto, Marx expressed doubt about his own views for the future, considering much unknowable about developments in the New World.• Although Heidegger saw Germany as a European defense against both American and Soviet materialist cultures (Heidegger, 1966), Hitler tried to introduce in Germany many American institutions.Like Henry Ford, he introduced a popular, affordable automobile (the Volkswagen) and built superhighways (autobahns) to facilitate motorized travel.He also modeled the notion of expanding Germany through conquest after what the US had done in the 19 th century.The German film industry was modeled after that of Hollywood, intending it for a mass cultural audience and propaganda.His development of air power was intended from the first for military purposesprimarily against Soviet Russia.2
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.005 | 0.033 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.008 | 0.009 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.005 |
| Research integrity | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".