Effects of Short- and Long-term Ultraviolet B Irradiation on the Immune System of the Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio)¶
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Carp (Cyprinus carpio) were repeatedly exposed to 0, 60, 120 and 240 mJ/cm2 ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation three times in 1 week (short-term exposure) or 12 times in 4 weeks (long-term exposure). The effect of UVB on the functioning of the carp immune system was studied on day 2 after the final irradiation. After short-term UVB exposure, the whole-blood respiratory burst and cytotoxic activity were markedly enhanced, with parallel responses in both the number of circulating granulocytes and in the plasma cortisol concentration of the fish. These changes were not detectable after long-term exposure. The respiratory burst by head kidney granulocytes was suppressed dose dependently after both exposures, but cytotoxic activity was not affected. Exposure to UVB also modulated lymphocyte functions: nonstimulated and PHA-stimulated proliferation of head kidney lymphocytes in vitro was enhanced by both short-term and long-term exposure. LPS-stimulated proliferation was not affected by exposure nor was the number of immunoglobulin-secreting cells in the head kidney. In long-term exposure, the highest dose reduced the level of plasma IgM. This study indicates that UVB irradiation induces immunomodulation in the blood and head kidney of the carp and that the effects of short- and long-term exposure differ from each other. The results emphasize the potentially harmful impact of increased solar UVB radiation on fish immune functions.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".