Three‐dimensional direct simulation of a droplet impacting onto a solid sphere with low‐impact energy
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract In this paper, a numerical model is developed for direct simulation of droplet impinging onto a spherical surface on a fixed Eulerian mesh. The model couples the level‐set method and the interfacial cell immersed boundary method to the single‐fluid formulation of the Navier–Stokes equations which are solved by a finite‐volume projection technique. Moving contact lines are modelled here with a simple static contact angle model. The model is shown to converge, and to agree with previous work in the literature. The model is then applied to investigate the impact behaviour of a droplet onto solid sphere of different diameters at low Weber number and low Reynolds number. The simulation results show that the droplet used in present study seems to deposit on different spherical surfaces through oscillating. The simulated results also suggest that the impacted‐sphere size has a significant effect on the impact dynamics of the droplet. A local breakage phenomenon may be found in the centre of the droplet collision with a smaller sphere during the first recoiling stage. A regime map is then established to provide quantitative analysis for the breakage mode of the current impacting process.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".