A System for Laparoscopic Surgery Ergonomics and Skills Evaluation
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This article presents a system for tracking, recording, and analysis of instrument and surgeon's arm motion in minimally invasive surgeries. The captured trajectories can be objectively analyzed for both ergonomic assessment and skills evaluation. The system consists of two special infrared (IR) markers that are used for 6 degrees of freedom (DOF) laparoscopic instrument tracking and a set of 3DOF IR markers attached to elbows and shoulders. A compact IR camera tracks and records the markers during a standardized training task (eg, suturing). The instrument markers were purposely designed to provide good tracking while minimizing their volume. The accuracy of the instrument markers was evaluated showing a root mean square error of 0.61 mm, 1.0 mm, and 2.4 mm at distances from the camera of 0.5 m, 0.68 m, and 1 m respectively. Furthermore, some sample trajectories were recorded during an in-trainer suturing task. The Results section presents the values of basic skills metrics computed from the acquired data.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".