GENERATING USABLE AND SAFE CO2 FOR ENRICHMENT OF GREENHOUSES FROM THE EXHAUST GAS OF A BIOMASS HEATING SYSTEM
Bibliographic record
Abstract
CO2 enrichment of greenhouses has been well proven to improve crop production whether it occurs from liquid CO2 or combustion of fossil fuels. The main objective of this research is to demonstrate the use of a renewable fuel, biomass, to enrich a greenhouse with CO2. Biomass, in the form of wood chips or pellets, has received considerable interest as a sustainable and economically feasible alternative to heat greenhouses. Therefore, there is an opportunity to convert exhaust gases from a greenhouse wood heating system into a useful resource. Carbon dioxide can be extracted from flue gas via membrane separation which could prove to be an economical alternative to electrostatic precipitators. This technique has shown a lot of potential for large industries trying to reduce and isolate CO2 emissions for sequestration and could be applicable to the greenhouse industry for enrichment. Additionally, some research has been done with wet scrubber using particular catalysts to obtain useful plant fertilizer. Sulphur (SO2) and Nitrogen (NO) emissions can be stripped out of flue gas to form ammonium sulphate as a by-product valuable to fertilizer markets. The potential of these techniques will be reviewed while experiments conducted at the Macdonald Campus of McGill University will begin in summer 2010. INTRODUCTION A worldwide shift in policy is currently forcing most industries and governments to reduce greenhouse gases and alleviate their dependence on fossil fuels. The horticulture industry has not been spared of these changes. In northern climates, greenhouse operators must address this issue by balancing energy efficiency through structural or fuel saving techniques while keeping growing conditions optimal in order to compete with an international market. Specifically, heating requires improvements as it represents around a quarter of operational costs depending on the energy source (oil, gas, electricity, or biomass). Recent fluctuations of fossil fuel prices have increased the necessity to explore alternative systems and have allowed biomass heating to become an
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".