Quantifying the ultrasonic properties of cells during apoptosis using time resolved acoustic microscopy
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Time resolved acoustic microscopy was used to determine the thickness, sound velocity, acoustic impedance, density, bulk modulus and attenuation of cells before and after apoptosis. Measurements of the cellular properties at 375 MHz before and after the onset of structural changes associated with apoptosis showed an increase in the thickness from 13.6 ± 3.1 ¿m to 17.3 ± 1.6 ¿m, and the attenuation from 1.08 ± 0.21 dB/cm/MHz to 1.74 ± 0.36 dB/cm/MHz. The other parameters were similar within experimental error. Acoustic images at 1.2 GHz indicated a clear delineation between the nucleus and cytoplasm for apoptotic cells, a feature not observed at lower frequencies. Rapid temporal variations were observed within apoptotic cells as indicated by changes in the spatial distribution of regions of increased backscatter within the cell. These results indicate structural changes that alter the cellular ultrasound backscatter are occurring during apoptosis on time scales on less than a minute.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".