The Electrochemistry of Metallic Nickel: Oxides, Hydroxides, Hydrides and Alkaline Hydrogen Evolution
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Ni-based catalysts in aqueous alkaline media are low-cost electrode materials for electrolytic hydrogen generation, a renewable method of producing fuel and industrial feedstock. However, Ni cathodes show a significant decrease in their hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) activity after several hours of electrolysis. Further, industrial electrolysers are often subjected to transient anodic currents, the effects of which on Ni-based catalysts are not well-known. We consider the source of electrode deactivation and the effects of temporary anodic currents on smooth metallic Ni electrodes in alkaline solutions by cyclic voltammetry (CV), galvanostatic and potentiostatic polarization, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Polished surfaces are covered by a bilayer composed of α-Ni(OH)2 underlaid by non-stoichiometric NiOx. Below the reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE) potential, the air-formed layer mostly reduces to Ni metal and H atoms incorporate deep into the electrode material. Under industrial conditions, i.e., concentrated NaOH/KOH solutions and large cathodic current densities, α-NiHx and β-NiHx can form at the electrode surface. Above the RHE potential, NiOx, α-Ni(OH)2, β-Ni(OH)2 and β-NiOOH form reversibly and mostly reduce back to Ni on subsequent cathodic polarization. However, repeated oxidation and reduction will introduce strain on a catalyst material, which may lead to its mechanical failure.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it