Sea breezes at Cotonou and their interaction with the West African monsoon
Bibliographic record
Abstract
5-year 3-hourly wind speed and direction, air temperature over land and sea surface temperature data are analysed in order to characterize sea breezes at Cotonou (Republic of Benin, West Africa). A set of criteria based on the diurnal reversal of wind direction, the thermal gradient and the number of sunshine hours is used to identify sea breeze days. Statistics are presented that describe the occurrence, duration and strength of the sea breezes. It is found that the sea breeze occurs during all seasons in this region.Sea breeze occurrence is found to be strongly influenced by the West African monsoon. The frequency of occurrence shows clearly two regimes characterized by two maxima (December and May). Sea breezes occur about half of the days during non-monsoon season (winter). Land/sea breezes onset and cessation times show a pronounced seasonal variation. Sea breeze strength is greater during the West African monsoon season.A hodograph analysis reveals the existence of both clockwise and anticlockwise rotation. Average hodographs show clearly the onshore–offshore nature of the sea breeze circulation, but have indeterminate rotation. There is a significant seasonal effect of large-scale flows on sea breeze hodograph patterns.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".